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            <title xml:lang="en">Toughening of semi-crystalline polymers</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Renforcement des polymères semi-cristallins</title>
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                <forename type="first">Laurent</forename>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Ludwik Leibler(ludwik.leibler@espci.fr)</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">semi-crystalline polymers</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">block copolymers</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">toughening</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">brittle-to-ductile transition</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">polymères semi-cristallins</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">copolymères à blocs</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">polyamide</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">renforcement</term>
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              <p>The impact resistance of semi-crystalline polymers is greatly improved by dispersing (sub)micronic particles that cavitate and induce the extensive plastic deformation of the matrix rather than its brittle failure. We were concerned with several aspects of this phenomenon through the study of toughened polyamide systems. We show that nanostructured particles of block copolymers yield remarkable toughening without the loss in rigidity that is obtained with rubber particles. Furthermore, the structure of these block copolymers seems to govern the breakup and coalescence of particles during blending. More generally, microscopic observations and various thermomechanical treatments show that the crystalline organization of the matrix is determinant for toughening. Based on these results, we propose a model for toughening which considers the physical approaches to fracture in heterogeneous media and explains the physical origin of a critical matrix confinement necessary to obtain a ductile behavior. The proposed theory predicts how this characteristic length depends on crystalline organization, particle size and temperature for the studied polyamide-12 systems as well as for other systems studied in the literature</p>
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              <p>La résistance à la rupture des polymères semi-cristallins est considérablement améliorée par l'incorporation de particules (sub)microniques qui cavitent et induisent une déformation plastique étendue de la matrice plutôt que sa rupture fragile. Nous nous sommes intéressés à plusieurs aspects de ce phénomène au travers de l'étude de systèmes de polyamide renforcé. Nous montrons que des particules nanostructurées de copolymères à blocs génèrent des renforcements remarquables sans la perte en rigidité obtenue avec des particules d'élastomère. Par ailleurs, la structuration de ces copolymères semble contrôler la coalescence et la fragmentation des particules lors de la dispersion. Plus généralement, des observations microscopiques et l'application de divers traitements thermomécaniques montrent que l'organisation cristalline de la matrice est déterminante pour le renforcement. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons un modèle s'appuyant sur les approches physiques de la fracture des milieux hétérogènes qui explique l'origine physique d'un confinement critique de la matrice nécessaire pour obtenir la ductilité. La théorie proposée prévoit comment cette grandeur dépend de l'organisation cristalline, de la taille des particules ou de la température pour les systèmes de polyamide-12 étudiés et pour plusieurs autres systèmes de la littérature.</p>
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