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                <term xml:lang="en">Sovereignty</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Protocol</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Platform</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Science &amp; Technology Studies (STS)</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Science &amp; Technology Studies (STS)</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Architecture</term>
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              <p>Blockchain designers invent new ways of relating through digital infrastructures. They are developed both within public and private institutions and by cryptocurrency communities that seek to avoid these institutions. This thesis aims to capture the political dimensions of this innovation process by reporting on the activity of developers, engineers, entrepreneurs, investors, corporate executives and activists. It is based on a multi-sited ethnographic investigation of the Ethereum design process between 2018 and 2020 in France, Singapore and online. This thesis is situated at the intersection of Science &amp; Technology Studies (STS), digital sociology, and social studies of the economy. The designers have a vision: a world devoid of administrative, economic, legal or technical center; a world in which each person sovereignly formulates his or her relations. They make it happen by developing network protocols, software and business models that give relationships a particular form: the transaction. The thesis analyzes this engineering as an original way of governing relationships. This governance by transactions is conceived by two operations on transactions (registration and programming) integrated in devices that are financed and diffused through extended associative and entrepreneurial networks. Symmetrically, some designers seek to govern the design activity itself through transactions</p>
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              <p>Les concepteurs des blockchains inventent des manières d’entrer en relation par des infrastructures numériques. Elles sont développées aussi bien au sein d’institutions publiques et privées que par des communautés de cryptomonnaies qui cherchent à éviter ces institutions. Cette thèse vise à saisir les dimensions politiques de ce processus d’innovation en rendant compte de l’activité de développeurs, d’ingénieurs, d’entrepreneurs, d’investisseurs, de cadres d’entreprises et de militants. Elle s’appuie sur une enquête ethnographique multi-située du processus de conception d’Ethereum entre 2018 et 2020 en France, à Singapour et en ligne. Cette thèse se situe au croisement des études sociales des sciences et des techniques (STS), de la sociologie du numérique et des études sociales de l’économie. Les concepteurs ont une vision : un monde dépourvu de centres administratifs, économiques, juridiques et techniques ; un monde où chacun formule souverainement ses relations. Ils le font advenir en développant des protocoles réseaux, des logiciels et des modèles d’affaires qui donnent aux relations une forme particulière : la transaction. La thèse analyse cette ingénierie comme une manière originale de gouverner les relations. Cette gouvernance par les transactions suppose deux opérations (inscription et programmation) par des dispositifs conçus, financés et diffusés au travers de réseaux associatifs et entrepreneuriaux étendus. Symétriquement, certains concepteurs cherchent à gouverner l’activité de conception elle-même par les transactions.</p>
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